Scott Polar Research Institute Centenary

The SPRI was founded 100 years ago today. Details on its history are here.

Frank Debenham was the GA President in 1952, and was its first Director, and helped to raise the funding.

The Scott Polar Research Institute was founded in 1920, in Cambridge, as a memorial to Captain Robert Falcon Scott, RN, and his four companions, who died returning from the South Pole in 1912. When Scott's last words, "For God's sake look after our people" were made known to the British nation, the response was tremendous. Scott himself had emphasised the importance of science and from this plea, the Institute was born.

Frank Debenham, Geologist on the British Antarctic Expedition 1910-13 (Terra Nova), was the driving force behind the founding of the Scott Polar Research Institute. He wanted to establish a place that brought together polar researchers and resources for the improvement of polar expeditions and scientific investigation. Debenham asked that the new institute perform two roles: it should be a centre of study, preferably as part of a university, and it must also stand alone as a national memorial to Captain R. F. Scott and the men who died with him in the Antarctic. As Debenham and other veterans of the British Antarctic Expedition 1910-13 (Terra Nova) had found themselves in Cambridge writing up their findings, and, as Debenham argued, because Cambridge had 'furnished more polar scientists than all the other English universities put together', a home within the University of Cambridge was the obvious choice.

Happy Centenary Day!

It has not escaped my notice that I will be the GA President 70 years on from Frank Debenham and he will get a mention in the Presidential Address that year. 

1952: Professor Frank Debenham, OBE

Last updated August 2023

Perhaps one of the most illustrious of all GA Presidents was Professor Frank Debenham.



2022 marks the 70th anniversary of his Presidency - a fact that appeared in my Presidential Address.

Frank Debenham was born in Bowral, New South Wales, and educated at the University of Sydney, where he studied geology.

Debenham took part in Captain Scott's Terra Nova expedition, and was a survivor of that fateful trip to Antarctica which ended with the death of the Polar party. He was a geologist on the expedition, surveying the mountains near McMurdo Sound, and also took over from the renowned Herbert Ponting (who took some of the most iconic images of Polar exploration ever) as expedition photographer when Ponting left in 1912.
He is shown on many of the photographs from that expedition, including the one shown here.

A knee injury, from playing football in the snow, apparently partly prevented him from going on the ill-fated Polar journey.
Just let that sink in for a moment...

I also caught him on the Blu Ray I have of 'The Great White Silence', emerging from a hut.
See the screengrab below.




Debenham returned to Cambridge to write up his expedition notes, but the First World War intervened and he saw active service in a number of places, rising to the ranks of Major, before being wounded and returned home.

Image source: Public Domain

Image credit:
Herbert Ponting - National Library of New Zealand Reference Number: PA1-f-067-045-2
Frank Debenham and a plane table, during the Terra Nova Expedition 1910-1913 under the command of Robert Falcon Scott

Debenham was also the Director of the Scott Polar Institute in Cambridge between 1926 and 1946.

I have visited here many times, and am hoping to make a visit to see what further connections we can make with the GA during my Presidential year.

Debenham was also a fellow of Caius College, and Professor of Geography. I wonder whether they have further relevant material in their archive?

From the Cambridge University alumnus page:

Debenham was an Australian petrologist who had served on Scott's ill-fated Terra Nova expedition. He had originally arrived in Cambridge in 1914 to begin compiling records of the mission in the attics of the Sedgwick Museum, but then had been on service throughout the war. Debenham arrived at a time when a number of other polar individuals were also present within Cambridge: Charles Wright, who had also been on the Terra Nova, briefly lectured at Cambridge but continued to live in the area for much longer; Raymond Priestley, who had been with Shackleton on the British Antarctic Expedition of 1907-1909 was Assistant Registrar; and James Wordie, who would become Master of St John's College, and who had been a member of the crew of the Endurance. It was Debenham's dream to set up a polar research centre in memory of Scott at Cambridge, and he successfully won over the support of the Scott Memorial Fund to create it in 1920. The Scott Polar Research Institute (SPRI) continues to form an important part of Department life today, from its base on Lensfield Road.

The first candidates for the Geography Tripos sat the exam in 1920, resulting in 2 students receiving a 1st Class for their Part 2 exams, one of whom was JA Steers, who would go on to become Professor of Geography and Head of Department 1949-66.

When Philip Lake retired as Chair of the Department, he was succeeded by Frank Debenham, who became the Department's first Professor of Geography in 1933.

Source:
https://www.geog.cam.ac.uk/alumni/earlyyears/

Debenham travelled extensively in Africa, and published on such subjects as the water resources of arid regions, the construction of small earthen dams, the ecology of the Kalahari, and on David Livingstone.

Between 1951 and 1953 he was also Vice President of the Royal Geographical Society (yet another President who helped to connect the two institutions - this is a common thread through many of the blog posts, as those of you who have been following the blog will perhaps have noted)

Debenham's Presidential address, on the subject of Travel is well worth reading, taking place as it did in the GA's Diamond Jubilee year.
A few quotes from the Address are worth repeating here.

"Travel, either or own or that of others, is the very essence of geography... it can be satisfied to some extent when done by proxy, with the aid of imagination. In fact, both at the beginning of life and at its latter end, that form of travel - armchair travel - is the normal one... It is far more comfortable than real travel and can be just as exciting as your imagination likes to make it."

He follows with some important ideas on the importance of narrative where a book is

"a magic casement (window) through which, at will, they can gaze upon not only perilous seas and faery lands forlorn, but tropic isles and priate lairs..."

He gave some advice which I think would have gone down well with Frank Zappa.

"one can study a country in its biergartens.... nearly as profitably as at its Department of Statistics" (one for the Presidential lecture I think)

He moved on to advice for the traveller.

"In my opinion it is best to do your travelling as slowly as possible.... Shank's ponies by preference. If you must have transport of some time, let it be a donkey rather than a bicycle."

"...it is always wise to travel comfortably, which is an entirely different thing from travelling in luxury.... get a good night's sleep... or even making sure you have a supply of Keating's Powder" 

"I would say that the better informed a man is before he visits a country, the more he will appreciate it; and certainly he will cause less annoyance to the local inhabitants who will not have to answer so many silly questions. I think that most of us could quote instances where fore-knowledge of what one was about to see was very helpful and timesaving..."

Debenham followed this quote by providing an anecdote from his time travelling with Captain Scott.

He was a great fan of sketching, rather than photography.

"It is only when you sketch a thing, be it a mountain or a cathedral or a native hut that you really take in its details and appreciate it fully. To my mind, the artist is the most skilled observer there is, and to observe with care is the duty of every geographer."

It is worth noting that Debenham's name really was put on the map:
Debenham is commemorated in the Antarctic by Debenham Glacier (77°10' S 162°38' E), which flows into the northern part of Wilson Piedmont Glacier, the Debenham Islands (68°8' S 67°7' W), between Millerand Island and the west coast of Graham Land, and by Debenham Peak (67°21' S 50°26' E.) in the Scott Mountains.

A challenge for the readers: which other GA Presidents had landscape features named after them?
Some others appear on this blog, but there may be others...

Debenham was the author of a number of books on the theme of map making, and geography as a discipline. I am going to try to track a few of them down in the next few years. I have a few places to explore to get hold of copies.
I liked this passage from his book on 'Map Making' - which is accessible on the Web Archive site, as are many others of the early Presidents' books.

This is my kind of cartography, taking place on a pub table.

Quote attributed to him here.

Debenham's Ice Pick sold in March 2019 for £22 000.

References
Wikipedia page: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Debenham

I have edited his Wikipedia page to reflect the fact that he was a President of the GA, as with all Presidents.

Debenham, F. “TRAVEL: Address to the Geographical Association.” Geography, vol. 38, no. 3, 1953, pp. 117–124. JSTOR, JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/40564829

Obituary: Steers, J. A. “Obituaries: FRANK DEBENHAM.” Geography, vol. 51, no. 2, 1966, pp. 150–151. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/40566075.

Cambridge University Page: https://www.geog.cam.ac.uk/alumni/earlyyears/

Scott Polar Institute page: https://www.spri.cam.ac.uk/people/debenham/ with some biographic details - they will also presumably have some Archived material relating to his work and associations with the SPRI.

Books published: https://www.abebooks.co.uk/servlet/SearchResults?sts=t&cm_sp=SearchF-_-home-_-Results&an=Frank+Debenham&tn=&kn=&isbn= (ABE Books search)

Image: https://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~247001~5515217:View--Solar-System?sort=Pub_List_No_InitialSort%2CPub_Date%2CPub_List_No%2CSeries_No&qvq=q:space;sort:Pub_List_No_InitialSort%2CPub_Date%2CPub_List_No%2CSeries_No;lc:RUMSEY~8~1&mi=366&trs=470#



As always, if you know more about the work of Frank Debenham while President of the GA, please get in touch.

I'll finish this entry with the final paragraph from Frank Debenham's Presidential Address

"Even though the geographer... has the ability to see more than others on his travels because he has cultivated special faculties for seeing, he will, I hope, remain a normal person. Though his work will give him infinite satisfaction, his keenest pleasure in travel will still come through his senses. 
Travel, to a geographer, should be a richer experience than it is to other people..... 
Bon Voyage, Good Travelling to you all..."

Update December 2019

There was a useful piece mentioning Frank Debenham that I came across in an unpublished thesis called 'A Frozen Field of Dreams'.
He was educated in Sydney, and had connections with the work of James Wordie and Raymond Priestley.

Extract from thesis above by Peder William Chellew Roberts and online here: https://purl.stanford.edu/qh833rs4632 (PDF) - start reading from around p.200 - p.220 contains a lot of information about Debenham's work at the RGS, SPRI and Cambridge University, as their first Professor of Geography.

More here too: https://www.amazon.co.uk/British-Geography-1918-1945-Robert-Steel/dp/0521067715 - I may need to get a copy of this to add some more detail to the early part of the century over time.
This has a lot more information about the work of Frank Debenham

Update June 2020
An excellent film from the East Anglian Film Archive (in 1961) was added to the SPRI Facebook page. It includes a clip with an interview with Frank Debenham - 50 years on from the Terra Nova expedition.


Lovely to hear the voice of a former GA President from almost 70 years ago.

Updated November 2020

Centenary of SPRI was in November 2020

The Scott Polar Research Institute was founded in 1920, in Cambridge, as a memorial to Captain Robert Falcon Scott, RN, and his four companions, who died returning from the South Pole in 1912. When Scott's last words, "For God's sake look after our people" were made known to the British nation, the response was tremendous. Scott himself had emphasised the importance of science and from this plea, the Institute was born.

Frank Debenham, Geologist on the British Antarctic Expedition 1910-13 (Terra Nova), was the driving force behind the founding of the Scott Polar Research Institute. He wanted to establish a place that brought together polar researchers and resources for the improvement of polar expeditions and scientific investigation. Debenham asked that the new institute perform two roles: it should be a centre of study, preferably as part of a university, and it must also stand alone as a national memorial to Captain R. F. Scott and the men who died with him in the Antarctic. As Debenham and other veterans of the British Antarctic Expedition 1910-13 (Terra Nova) had found themselves in Cambridge writing up their findings, and, as Debenham argued, because Cambridge had 'furnished more polar scientists than all the other English universities put together', a home within the University of Cambridge was the obvious choice.

Source: https://www.spri.cam.ac.uk/centenary/past/

In November 2020, a Grace was granted by the University of Cambridge Senate, formally establishing the new Scott Polar Research Institute.

In its early years, the Institute occupied rooms above the Sedgwick Museum, where Frank Debenham was based as Emeritus Professor of Geography for the University of Cambridge Department of Geography. 

Updated April 2022 - following the GA Conference.

I used a few quotes and images of Professor Frank Debenham in my GA Presidential Address.

I also visited the Scott Polar Research Institute and found this book which I hadn't seen before and which was very useful in giving details of his career, although it doesn't mention his GA Presidency or anything that he did while holding the office.

More to come on this once I've read the book.

Here is the surveying equipment that Deb used in the Antarctic.

An obituary with loads of additional detail on Frank.

Plenty here on the origins of the Scott Polar Research Institute by Isobel Williams - loads of detail and images here.

Updated April 2023

A book that Debenham compiled on his time in the Arctic.

June 2023

Via the Facebook Sir Ernest H Shackleton Appreciation group.

Visit the post - why not join the group if interested.

The book is also available to purchase.

Updated August 2023

A mention in this piece on Cold War travels by Geography:

http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/5234/1/5234.pdf

It references his GA Presidential lecture - which I also quoted from in my own:

Travel in mid-twentieth century British geography was the subject of Frank Debenham's 1952 Presidential Address to the Geographical Association, with travel presented as 

'the essence of geography' (Debenham 1953, 117), though not as 

'mere roaming . . . pleasant as roaming can be' (118). 

The geographer had the urge to 'travel intelligently' (119), and 'the ability to see more than others on his travels because he has cultivated special faculties for seeing' (124). Intelligence did not however preclude field pleasure: 'it is possible to be too earnest about one's purpose in travelling and to forget that one can study a country in its biergartens or at sundowner parties nearly as profitably as at its Department of Statistics' (119).

1932: Dr Hugh Robert Mill

Last updated July 2023

Hugh Robert Mill was a Scottish Geographer and meteorologist, and a very important figure in the history of the GA and the RGS, as well as a Polar historian.


He was born in Thurso in Caithness, and educated in Edinburgh.
Follow this link to see an image

As with other Presidents of the GA, there is a strong connection with other organisations, notably the RGS, where he was Librarian from 1892. At this time, the RGS was based at 1, Savile Row in London.

There was also a strong exploration link as well, as with several other GA Presidents.

He was particularly linked with the Royal Scottish Geographical Society as well, when it was founded in 1885. This brought him into contact with all the main travellers of the day, as Mill was particularly involved with the RSGS throughout this time.

He held the post of secretary to the Royal Geographical Society during the Society's involvement with the leading British Antarctic expeditions of the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
He was a friend and confidant to Scott, Shackleton, and especially to William Speirs Bruce, who led the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition, 1902–04 (Wikipedia entry)

Early in the century he also became President of the British Rainfall Association. That's an Association I could get behind.

He published a very useful compilation called 'Hints to Teachers of Geography on the Choice of Books for Research and Reading' in 1897. He actually gave copyright of this book to the GA, which started off the GA's publishing work.

This can be read on this Internet Archive entry along with other of Hugh Robert Mill's books.
Here's a spicy little entry.





In 1921, he gave the Herbertson Memorial Lecture to the Manchester Branch of the GA. I have also had that privilege - in 2008. His was on the Value of Regional Geography.



Herbertson himself (see my earlier blog post on Herbertson in 1915) was grateful for Mill's help with his own work on the Oxford OS Sheet which formed part of his courses. He used the approach that Mill had used on his own local area of SW Sussex, which was the first to do an in-depth study of an OS sheet "from the viewpoint of the teachers' requirements".


In 1923 he produced the first full-length biography of Sir Ernest Shackleton, a noted explorer and who was also connected with the RSGS. If you can find a copy be prepared to pay around £500. He wrote this with the assistance of Shackleton's widow.

He also wrote the introduction to Shackleton's book "The Heart of the Antarctic' about the 1907-9 expedition.
In his Presidential Address, he started with a nice image of the significance of geography.

The Address was called "An Approach to Geography", and he described geography as being like a picture of the world in the opening lines.



In 1934, Hugh Robert Mill gave another address to conference which is well worth reading. This time he had a focus on Scotland.
He was also connected with Imperial College.

#OnThisDay 1861: British geographer and meteorologist Hugh Robert Mill was born (image @RGS_IBG) pic.twitter.com/vpnNXxlSOG

— Imperial College (@imperialcollege) May 28, 2016

He also had a connection with Antarctica, and the SPRI.







He has a glacier named after him in Antarctica, a branch of the Beardmore Glacier.
Frank Debenham, who we will meet in several decades time, also had some land named after him in Antarctica.

His likeness is also shown on a medal which is awarded by the Royal Meteorological Society for research into rainfall.

Mill died in 1950, in his 89th year: another GA president to live to an old age. I hope he set a precedent for future Presidents.

He also published his autobiography, which would be worth obtaining to find out even more about his time at the GA.

 There is apparently a copy in the Fleure collection that he donated to the GA.

He also left a legacy to the GA, which helped ensure its financial stability at a crucial time.

When he died, Balchin reminds us, he had been associated with the GA from the start - over 50 years of service to the Association.

References

Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Robert_Mill - shared under CC license and extracts used on this page.

Edited to add the GA Presidency role.

MILL, HUGH ROBERT. “ADDRESS TO THE GEOGRAPHICAL ASSOCIATION.” Geography, vol. 18, no. 1, 1933, pp. 1–16. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/40560362.
Internet Archive searches. http://www.archive.org

Archibald Geikie: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.31951000910377x;view=1up;seq=7

Obituary: Brown, R. N. Rudmose, and H. J. Fleure. “OBITUARY: Hugh Robert Mill.” Geography, vol. 35, no. 2, 1950, pp. 124–127. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/40563009 

From the above:



Mill, Hugh Robert. “The Value of Regional Geography.” The Geographical Teacher, vol. 11, no. 2, 1921, pp. 7–19. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/40555902

Please get in touch if you have anything further to add.

Updated October 2019

While investigating some resources for the entry on a later president, Percy Maude Roxby,  I came across a chronology of Geography in the 20th century written by G. R. Crone, at the time the librarian of the RGS, and it had an image of Hugh Robert Mill as shown below.... a fine moustache - perhaps I need to grow one for my Presidential year...

The article also outlines how Mill wrote the entry on Geography for the 11th edition of the Encyclopaedia Brittanica, which means that he could provide his own thoughts on what the subject actually was...

Source of image: 
Crone, G. R. “British Geography in the Twentieth Century.” The Geographical Journal, vol. 130, no. 2, 1964, pp. 197–220. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/1794582. - available to read with a free JSTOR account.

Mill wrote an autobiography which was called 'The Life Interests of a Geography - an experiment in Autobiography'.

This was published privately by friends in the USA. 

A copy was presented to the Association - I tracked it down in the archive. A signed copy.

Details of this are provided in an article by another former GA President T C Warrington. 

Update: I found some letters related to this in the GA archive.



It seems his final years were one of reflecting on what he had achieved against a variety of challenges.



Warrington, T. C. “THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF HUGH ROBERT MILL.” Geography, vol. 32, no. 4, 1947, pp. 166–168. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/40562610.

Not only was he a connection right back to the early days of the GA, when he died in 1950, he also left what is described by another future President: Alice Garnett as a bequest made from Mill's will which helped reduced anxiety about rising costs, and staff salaries

Source: Garnett, Alice. “GEOGRAPHICAL ASSOCIATION.” Geography, vol. 36, no. 1, 1951, pp. 57–62. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/40563090.

JSTOR articles: https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=hugh+robert+mill&filter=



Mill, Hugh Robert. “Proposed Geographical Description of the British Islands Based on the Ordnance Survey.” The Geographical Journal, vol. 7, no. 4, 1896, pp. 345–356. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/1773547

and discussion afterwards
Wilson, Charles, et al. “Proposed Geographical Description of the British Islands Based on the Ordnance Survey: Discussion.” The Geographical Journal, vol. 7, no. 4, 1896, pp. 356–365. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/1773548.

Updated November 2019

https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=N81mDwAAQBAJ&lpg=PT67&ots=RtCfAEEQvA&dq=charles%20close%20OS%20geographer&pg=PT79#v=onepage&q=charles%20close%20OS%20geographer&f=false




Updated December 2019

I found another reference to his autobiography while researching Frank Debenham

H.R. Mill, Life interests of a geographer 1861-1944: an experiment in autobiography, self-issued 1946, 122. 
In print Mill felt compelled to refute media characterizations of the expedition as an “advertising stunt” as “quite unjust” – although the presence of two Boy Scouts on its crew – chosen from a nationwide competition in cooperation with the tabloid Daily Mail – might truly be described as one aspect of the expedition that was ahead of its time. 
Mill, The life of Sir Ernest Shackleton (London: Heinemann, 1923), 271. The competition to attract the Scouts is described in Frank Wild and Alexander H. Macklin, Shackleton’s last voyage: the story of the Quest (New York: Frederick A. Stokes, 1923), 14-15

In it, he described Shackleton's last voyage to the Antarctic.

ABE BOOKS has a wide range of books written by Mill. He seems to have been prolific
https://www.abebooks.co.uk/servlet/SearchResults?an=hugh%20robert%20mill&cm_sp=det-_-bdp-_-author

Mill and Debenham seem to be tied up in a number of things connected with the SPRI.
The thesis by Peder William Chellew Roberts in 2010 features a number of references to Mill.

A book by Charles Withers quotes Mill's memories of his childhood, which perhaps shows an early interest in Geography.

https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DGRrF0CV8BYC&lpg=PA194&ots=ALTTdk_XQs&dq=Life%20interests%20of%20a%20geographer%201861-1944%3A&pg=PA194#v=onepage&q=Life%20interests%20of%20a%20geographer%201861-1944:&f=false



New image

Updated April 2021

A book that I came across...

Last updated August 2021

Wed 27 July 1921 #OTD #Shackleton watches a #cricket match at John Rowett’s Sussex home, between members of Quest #expedition and the Estate team. Geographer Hugh Robert Mill is there too. And RS Clark ex #Endurance, Scottish international cricketer @CricketScotland #TheHundred pic.twitter.com/yRW9smFQRG

— Quest Chronicle (@QuestChronicle) July 27, 2021

I found a copy of a self-published autobiography in the archive of the GA which had lots of interesting snippets on Shackleton, the 'Titanic' and his time at the RGS, including how he funded the payment for the statue of Shackleton that sits outside the RGS.

https://victorianweb.org/sculpture/jagger/1.html

Last updated August 2022

I discovered a bath of letters which had been written to 'Mill' as he seems to have been referred to in most of the letters from the great and the good of the GA. These were passed to the GA in 2000 and now reside in the archive. There are pictures of quite a few of them in this Flickr album.

There are quite a few from the time that he was asked to be the GA President for 1932 and he seems to have been quite reluctant at first.

This letter from B B Dickinson sent in 1931 expresses his thanks when Mill finally said that he would take the role on.

And here's one from Fleure in May 1931 asking him to come and talk about his proposed Presidential theme and mentioning some of the people who had been invited and others who couldn't make it.

One was Professor Gerhard Schott who it turns out was a renowned German oceanographer.

Also a famous geologist Percy Fry Kendall.

Apparently Sir Wilfred Grenfell was out of the country - probably in Newfoundland.

A prolific letter writer and who travelled a great deal it seems. 

Mill was GA President 90 years before my own tenure. 

The Classification of Geography
Author(s): Hugh Robert Mill
Source: The Geographical Journal , Feb., 1898,
(INCLUDING SOMALILAND) pic.twitter.com/5ckCSmsotd

— Mustafa yousef (@Mustafa82211464) March 24, 2022

Updated April 2023

Some more detail on Mill in this post on the Facebook group I am a member of called 'Sir Ernest H Shackleton Appreciation Society'. Mill has featured a number of times in fact.

Updated July 2023

The RMetS Award named after Hugh Robert Mill was awarded to Ed Hawkins this year, originator of the important Climate Stripes.

Delighted and honoured to receive the 2022 Hugh Robert Mill Award from @RMetS for the Rainfall Rescue project.

Congratulations to all the winners: https://t.co/Cm3VlVB89e https://t.co/JJUNpZRn6d pic.twitter.com/W0t5SCcs5a

— Ed Hawkins (@ed_hawkins) July 19, 2023