Showing posts with label New Towns. Show all posts
Showing posts with label New Towns. Show all posts

Wednesday, 1 July 2020

1969: Professor J R James

Last updated August 2023

Professor J R (John Riching) 'Jimmy' James was linked with the University of Sheffield, although he was born (as several other GA Presidents were) in County Durham

During this period, most Presidents were academic geographers or teacher educators, and had less written about them in other volumes and journals than some of the earlier Presidents. This means the entries are a little briefer at the moment. All extra contributions welcome.

Image taken from J R James' Wikipedia page (shared under Creative Commons)

James had responsibility for leading the development of  the New towns at Newton Aycliffe and Peterlee in the 1950s. He was Chief Planner to the UK government from 1961, a member of Peterborough Development Corporation, and from 1970 was the first Professor of Town and Regional Planning at the University of Sheffield. He also worked for the United Nations in a number of countries in an advisory role.

He was also another GA President to have served in military intelligence during the Second World War. There is a book here probably on the various connections of former GA Presidents at this time.

He was awarded the OBE in 1956, and became a Companion of the Order of the Bath in 1966. 

He died in Sheffield in 1980 at the age of 67.

An obituary, written by Alice Garnett, was published in 'Geography; in 1981


“The Geographical Association.” Geography, vol. 66, no. 1, 1981, pp. 66–69. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/41414469. Accessed 19 June 2020.

One legacy of his work in the city is the J R James Archive.

This is collection of almost 4,000 photographic slides left by James, showing major building projects across the country during the post-war period, was digitised and made available online by the University of Sheffield in 2014. This work was done by Alasdair Rae, whose work in mapping and data visualisation is well worth seeking out.

His legacy is also kept alive at the University through the J R James Prize:
The JR James award was founded in 1981 from funds subscribed in memory of the late Professor JR (Jimmy) James. The prize can be used by any student from the department to undertake travel and/or study in Britain or abroad. The spirit of the award, in line with Professor James’s beliefs, is that it should be used to enhance students’ experience, and to widen their horizons.

The J R James Archive is now available on Flickr, and I have previously made use of this for other projects, without realising that he was also a GA President at the time.




He is not alone as a GA President in having been connected with town planning and New Towns of course, as others like Abercrombie back in the day were influential in shaping the present day layout of London.

From the J R James Archive:
This website hosts the photos, maps, plans and images of the JR James archive, digitised in the summer of 2013 by Philip Brown and Joseph Carr - MPlan graduates of the Department of Town and Regional Planning at the University of Sheffield (now the Department of Urban Studies and Planning). The project was funded by the University of Sheffield Alumni Fund and directed by Alasdair Rae, an academic in the Department of Urban Studies and Plannning.

JR 'Jimmy' James was Professor of Town and Regional Planning at Sheffield for several years before his untimely death in 1980. Prior to that he was the Chief Planner at the Ministry of Housing and Local Government. He left to the Department his large collection of fascinating planning-related photos, maps and plans spanning many decades. We have put them all online for all to enjoy. In the future, we hope to add to the collection by using photos from student field trips and site visits.


References

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._James - John Richings were his forenames but he was known as "Jimmy"

I amended this entry to add his GA Presidency to it.

https://www.flickr.com/people/jrjamesarchive/ - Flickr archive of images - this is well worth looking at by all geographers as there are some fantastic images

“The Geographical Association.” Geography, vol. 66, no. 3, 1981, pp. 241–244. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/40570396. Accessed 19 June 2020.
Image of Jimmy James from https://www.flickr.com/people/jrjamesarchive/
Article on the archive: https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/news/culture/the-jr-james-archive-and-a-glimpse-of-post-war-town-planning/8670561.article
This piece by Steve Parnell reminds us of how things used to be:
Only 20 years ago, preparing a lecture started several months in advance. The lecturers visited the sites in person (imagine that!), took photographs and had these developed into slides. No Google Images to filch from, no leaving it until the night before, no last-minute improvisation unless the slides were inserted upside-down or back-to-front – which they occasionally were, sometimes deliberately, to test which students were still awake or could tell their Lautner from their Ellwood, their Palladio from their Adam, their Corb from their Mies.

On the images in the archive:

James’ main interest was obviously housing, but public space and civic life also seem to have been key concerns. Unsurprisingly, the city of Sheffield dominates: Meadowhall is documented under construction; Hyde Park towers over the centre like a fortified castle; Park Hill makes an unfetishised, unaestheticised appearance; there’s even a view from a helicopter on a heliport in Shirecliffe, which must have been far more glamorous than is portrayed. There are also hundreds of images of New Towns such as Stevenage, Harlow, Hook, Skelmersdale, Peterlee, Crawley, Cumbernauld, Runcorn and Milton Keynes, along with other utopian visions from Thamesmead to Port Sunlight, and the Garden Cities of Welwyn and Letchworth, all as they were imagined, under construction, and finally in use. These aren’t just photographs of the architecture, but also of books, plans, maps, statistics and charts, reinforcing the fact that you are looking at a cross-section of any number of lectures, as if James had dropped his carousel just before the lecture and quickly reinserted them randomly. 

Another good piece on the archive here: https://timeline.com/england-brutalism-urban-housing-f7ba9158a08c

Willatts, E. C. “Planning and Geography in the Last Three Decades.” The Geographical Journal, vol. 137, no. 3, 1971, pp. 311–330. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/1797269

As we get closer to the present day I'm hoping that we may have more personal memories of former Presidents, and I am happy to accept those for adding into the entries as we approach the present day. If anyone has further details on J R James life and career please get in touch.



Park Hill Flats, from the J R James Archive

Updated November 2020

A piece on the archive in Architecture Review journal from 2014

It’s hard to believe that before PowerPoint, Prezi and PDFs, lecturers used to roll up to their lectures with carousels of slides under their arm, insert them into a projector or two at the back of the hall and flick through them as though they were showing you their holiday snaps. Sometimes they actually were.

Only 20 years ago, preparing a lecture started several months in advance. The lecturers visited the sites in person (imagine that!), took photographs and had these developed into slides. No Google Images to filch from, no leaving it until the night before, no last-minute improvisation unless the slides were inserted upside-down or back-to-front – which they occasionally were, sometimes deliberately, to test which students were still awake or could tell their Lautner from their Ellwood, their Palladio from their Adam, their Corb from their Mies.

Nearly 4,000 such slides belonging to the late John Richings James were recently rediscovered at the University of Sheffield’s department of Town and Regional Planning. James was a major figure in post-war planning. He worked for the Ministry of Housing and Local Government from 1949, rising to chief planner in 1961. He moved to the University of Sheffield in 1967, becoming the department’s first professor in 1970, a post he held until his retirement. He died in 1980 at the age of 67. 

The slides then lay dormant until Alasdair Rae discovered them in his office when he started as a lecturer there in 2008. Rae finally found some money to pay recent graduates Joe Carr and Philip Brown to digitise them, and the result is an amazing resource on flickr which has achieved over 2 million views since its launch last summer.

The haul of slides is essentially a record of James’ years of town planning, from his time overseeing the development of New Towns in the 1950s to his teaching in the 1960s and ’70s. Organised into several albums, with captions attached by the diligent digitisers, the slides form a searchable history of post-war town planning. In our sanitised age of Photoshop, the amateur snapshot nature of these photos is half of their charm. They are variously under and overexposed, out of focus, uncomposed, and wonky, and some of their colours have shifted through the spectrum. Instagram could learn a thing or two from the collection.

Wednesday, 25 September 2019

1937: Professor Leslie Patrick Abercrombie (later Sir)

Sir (Leslie) Patrick Abercrombie - NPG x82059.jpg
Last updated June 2024

Patrick Abercrombie was a major person in the development of town planning, and was another of the Presidents who were chosen because of their public profile, rather than a connection with geography teaching per se.
I remember learning about his work in a module on planning which formed part of my degree in the early 1980s.
His name has since cropped up with respect to BAAS Section E and links with Sir Peter Hall, who is referenced quite a bit on the blog.  

He was born in Cheshire, and studied at Liverpool School of Architecture.

His work's legacy persists today and is still influential in discussions around town planning.

When he became GA President, the Second World War was approaching, but there was still a lot of change occurring in the British landscape.

Following the Second World War, Abercrombie became a leading person in the rebuilding of London and other places. This was also a time when planning was a big focus of the BAAS Section E.

His work led to the New Towns Act which has left a legacy of cities across the UK, and work on other cities which have been influenced by the movement, spreading worldwide.



From his Wikipedia page (shared under CC license)

Sir Patrick trained as an architect before becoming the Professor of Civic Design at the University of Liverpool School of Architecture in 1915, and later Professor of Town Planning at University College London. 

Afterwards, he made award-winning designs for Dublin city centre and was involved in the replanning of several other cities, including Hull.

He was also closely involved in the founding of the Council for the Preservation of Rural England (CPRE). After its formation in December 1926, he served as its Honorary Secretary. This is yet another important institution with a link to a GA President.

When Abercrombie became GA President, he had not yet completed his most famous work, which was yet to come after the Second World War.

His Presidential Address was entitled 'Geography, the basis of Planning'.

ABERCROMBIE, PATRICK. “GEOGRAPHY, THE BASIS OF PLANNING.” Geography, vol. 23, no. 1, 1938, pp. 1–8. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/40560522. Accessed 24 Aug. 2023.

Duncan Hawley (and other geologists) need to look away from this extract.



He championed the idea of a Green Belt around London, and contributed to the Royal Commission on the Distribution of the Industrial Population, the report of which (Barlow Report) appeared in 1940. Green Belts are very much in the news in the summer of 2023 in terms of their suggested impact on new housing which is needed.

He is perhaps best known for the post-Second World War replanning of London. He created the County of London Plan (1943) and the Greater London Plan (1944) which are commonly referred to as the Abercrombie Plan. 

I've seen the plan / map referred to as the potato map.

He appears in the film The Proud City presenting his plan to the public - a rare film of a GA President talking:

The Proud City. Patrick Abercrombie from Planum. The Journal of Urbanism on Vimeo.


In 1945 he published A Plan for the City & County of Kingston upon Hull, with the assistance of Sir Edwin Lutyens. Lutyens had died the year before publication whilst much of the plan was being finalised, and the plan was ultimately rejected by the Councillors of Hull.

From the Abercrombie Plan came the New Towns movement which included the building of Harlow and Crawley. He produced the Clyde Valley Regional Plan in 1946 with Robert H Matthews that proposed the new towns of East Kilbride and Cumbernauld.

During the postwar years, Sir Patrick was commissioned by the British government to redesign Hong Kong.
In 1956 he was also commissioned by Haile Selassie to draw up plans for the capital of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa.

Patrick Abercrombie was Knighted in 1945.  In 1948 he became the first president of the newly formed group the International Union of Architects, or the UIA (Union Internationale des Architectes). The group now annually awards the Sir Patrick Abercrombie Prize, for excellence in town planning. In 1950 he received the AIA Gold Medal. The University of Liverpool's Department of Civic Design also continues to award an Abercrombie Prize annually to its top-performing student.

He died in 1957.

A Blue Plaque has been erected at a house formerly occupied by Patrick Abercrombie (lived there 1915-1935), in Oxton, Merseyside. 

References
Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Abercrombie

Source of image - Creative Commons

I amended the entry to add his GA Presidency - something I have done for each GA President who has a Wikipedia page.

Presidential Address: https://www.jstor.org/stable/40560522?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

David Matless piece: Matless, David. “Appropriate Geography: Patrick Abercrombie and the Energy of the World.” Journal of Design History, vol. 6, no. 3, 1993, pp. 167–178. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/1316006.

https://www.ft.com/content/97afa1b2-44a3-11e4-ab0c-00144feabdc0

https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/davehillblog/2014/mar/22/london-county-plan-abercrombie-forshaw

https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095343737

Update (late September 2019)
Thoughts on Abercrombie's legacy from Brendan Conway

Update (October 2019)
Image result for jenkins history londonAbercrombie's legacy is also discussed in the new Short History of London by Simon Jenkins - a current read of mine.
The author is not a fan of the period where a lot of the historical streets of London were replaced, buildings removed, and threats to other buildings such as St. Pancras, in the period after the Second World War.
Abercrombie talked about London's past as a time of 'obsolescence, bad and unsuitable housing, uncorrelated road systems and inequality in the distribution of open spaces'.

I have a copy of a book which features the plan. A green belt was proposed to stop the expansion of the city, and there would be up to five 'ringways' to take traffic around the city centre.
People would be moved out of the city to new towns to take the pressure of the centre. The 1947 Town and Country Planning Act gave Abercrombie the power to change the lives of the 7 million inhabitants of the city, but it met opposition from the realities of a city which had survived the Blitz and needed to be rebuilt and given a new energy.

Jenkins' books is well worth reading.

In G. R. Crone's chronology of Geography in the 20th Century, there is a brief mention of Abercrombie's Presidential address.




Reference
Crone, G. R. “British Geography in the Twentieth Century.” The Geographical Journal, vol. 130, no. 2, 1964, pp. 197–220. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/1794582.

Update
A video describing the plan.

 

 And a dramatised film describing the rebuilding of Plymouth based on Abercrombie's planning after the war.


Updated November 2020

In November 2019, Abercrombie got an English Heritage blue plaque unveiled at his house in his honour. Here's the ceremony...


Updated August 2021
A plan for a future Dublin - from 1922

Updated July 2022

I'm adding in additional perspectives on the work of Presidents and the people themselves as I find them, particularly where they may be problematic and relate to the current need to decolonise the subject itself but also revisit what are accepted narratives.
This thread is an interesting one with respect to the reasoning behind some of Abercrombie's planning decisions - this is of course a great responsibility.


Updated August 2023


Abercrombie met Patrick Geddes... another person linked with the GA...


Abercrombie was apparently influenced by Feng Shui

Matless, David. “Appropriate Geography: Patrick Abercrombie and the Energy of the World.” Journal of Design History, vol. 6, no. 3, 1993, pp. 167–78. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/1316006. Accessed 24 Aug. 2023.

A piece in Nature from 1938 by S H Beaver (another former GA President to be...)

THE Geographical Association's annual conference usually has a theme corresponding to the interests of its president for the time being, and since in its choice of presidents the Association does not confine itself to academic geographers, considerable service to the subject is often done by this importation of a new viewpoint. This year the keynote of the Conference held at the London School of Economics on January 4–6 was the part that geography can play in planning. The presidential address, delivered by Prof. Patrick Abercrombie, professor of town planning at University College, London, was entitled “Geography, the Basis of Planning” ; and a symposium on town and rural planning was the principal individual item in the programme. To a certain extent these items in the Conference may be considered as corollary to the important discussion on “Planning the Land of Britain”, which was held at the Nottingham meeting of the British Association, as reported in NATURE of November 6, 1937, p. 791.


On his work on the Green Belt



Updated June 2024

Plenty of Tweets shared by the @createstreets account....


This post talks about the Green Belt as being 'The curse of Patrick Abercrombie' 

Also a comment on his plans for Hong Kong.



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